4 Cosmic Secrets That Gravitational Waves Could Unlock

gravitational waves black holes ligo nsf

2016-06-15T17:15:00.000Z

Ripples in the fabric of space, called gravitational waves, are careening across the universe, right through everything and everyone.

And apparently there are a lot of them.

On Wednesday, scientists from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) experiment announced the second-ever detection of gravitational waves — a feat Einstein thought impossible 100 years ago — emanating from two colliding black holes.

"It confirms — it super-confirms — that these events are not flukes," astrophysicist Vicky Kalogera, who has been working with LIGO to analyze the signals, told Tech Insider. "They're happening in nature and we can detect them every few months." This summer, Kalogera thinks LIGO may find 10 or more new gravitational waves, and possibly up to 100 a year later on.

Tech Insider spoke with Imre Bartos, also a physicist working with LIGO, and other researchers earlier this year about the "revolutionary" new era of astronomy they say has begun.

Here are just a handful of formerly impossible things astronomers could do with gravitational waves.

One killer application is to reveal supernovas — huge, exploding stars that seed the universe with elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen — hours before they're visible to telescopes.

supernova exploding star illustration nasa

"Gravitational waves arrive at Earth long before any light does," Bartos said. The reason is that the star gets in the way of itself.

supernova core collpase illustration chandra weiss

"All of this stuff tries to come out, including light, but it bumps into the star's matter and gets stuck until the whole star collapses. But gravitational waves can pass right through."

But it's not just about pointing our telescopes at supernovas before we can see them explode. (Not to suggest this isn't insanely cool.)

Gravitational waves will reveal the hidden, seething cores of supernovas. "Right now the only tools to explore what happens inside are computer models," Bartos said.

supernova computer simulation — A simulation of a supernova. ORNL

There is another wild application of gravitational waves: Hearing the birth of black holes.

This happens deep inside supernovas, or when two ultra-dense dead stars, called neutron stars, merge together.

Such an event should cause gravitational waves to spill outward in all directions at the speed of light.

Physicists also have no idea if black holes have any structure. But gravitational waves can emanate from the surface — a point of no return called the event horizon.

"The closest you can get to black hole is gravitational waves," Bartos said. "There should be no structure to the surface, but if there is, if black holes have any 'hair,' we could detect that."

Gravitational waves will also help us take inventory of the weirdest, wildest objects in the universe that we couldn't previously detect.

That includes binary black hole systems — just like the one that triggered the first gravitational waves humanity ever recorded using LIGO.

In that case, two black holes merged together and instantly zapped three suns' worth of matter into pure gravitational wave energy.

We have no idea how many more binary black holes systems are lurking out there, caught in a cosmic dance of death.

We also don't know how many neutron stars are out there in pairs or in orbit with a black hole. Gravitational waves will tell us when those objects collide, and how frequent they are.

neutron star casey reed penn state university

Gravitational waves may also reveal things out there, deep in the universe, that scientists have not yet dreamed up.

entire observable universe logarithmic illustration

"We can be rather sure that we’ll see big surprises," says Kip Thorne, a Caltech physicist and cofounder of LIGO. "My hope is for the biggest surprise we've ever seen."

A bizarre new form of astronomy could unlock these 4 cosmic secrets

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A bizarre new form of astronomy could unlock these 4 cosmic secrets

One killer application is to reveal supernovas — huge, exploding stars that seed the universe with elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen — hours before they're visible to telescopes.

"Gravitational waves arrive at Earth long before any light does," Bartos said. The reason is that the star gets in the way of itself.

"All of this stuff tries to come out, including light, but it bumps into the star's matter and gets stuck until the whole star collapses. But gravitational waves can pass right through."

But it's not just about pointing our telescopes at supernovas before we can see them explode. (Not to suggest this isn't insanely cool.)

Gravitational waves will reveal the hidden, seething cores of supernovas. "Right now the only tools to explore what happens inside are computer models," Bartos said.

There is another wild application of gravitational waves: Hearing the birth of black holes.

This happens deep inside supernovas, or when two ultra-dense dead stars, called neutron stars, merge together.

Such an event should cause gravitational waves to spill outward in all directions at the speed of light.

Physicists also have no idea if black holes have any structure. But gravitational waves can emanate from the surface — a point of no return called the event horizon.

"The closest you can get to black hole is gravitational waves," Bartos said. "There should be no structure to the surface, but if there is, if black holes have any 'hair,' we could detect that."

Gravitational waves will also help us take inventory of the weirdest, wildest objects in the universe that we couldn't previously detect.

That includes binary black hole systems — just like the one that triggered the first gravitational waves humanity ever recorded using LIGO.

In that case, two black holes merged together and instantly zapped three suns' worth of matter into pure gravitational wave energy.

We have no idea how many more binary black holes systems are lurking out there, caught in a cosmic dance of death.

We also don't know how many neutron stars are out there in pairs or in orbit with a black hole. Gravitational waves will tell us when those objects collide, and how frequent they are.

Gravitational waves may also reveal things out there, deep in the universe, that scientists have not yet dreamed up.

"We can be rather sure that we’ll see big surprises," says Kip Thorne, a Caltech physicist and cofounder of LIGO. "My hope is for the biggest surprise we've ever seen."

Business Insider tells the innovative stories you want to know

Business Insider tells the innovative stories you want to know

Business Insider tells the innovative stories you want to know

Business Insider tells the innovative stories you want to know

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Business Insider tells the innovative stories you want to know

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